suffixes Is there a general rule how to create feminine words? English Language Learners Stack Exchange

All of those directly responsible (in the air) for keeping an aircraft flying as intended. There are a few other suffixes that indicate aviator game female gender but the rules of spelling get even more obscure. Such as “farmer” becomes “farmerette” and “wolf” becomes “she-wolf”. Personally I like the two comma version the best, of the ones given. Coordinating adjectives, which these are, should be separated by commas. Also, it coincides with normal conversational rhythm.

Are feminine nouns ending with -ess the only proper option for females?

If they don’t, then they use the male noun for both genders. So here the adjectives are independently modifying the noun (that is to say, they are coordinate adjectives), which means that using a comma is correct. The same term is also used for the person responsible for steering a spacecraft, either in the maritime sense (as seen in a lot of science-fiction, such as in Star Trek), or in the aviation sense (as used by the US government currently, as well as seen in science-fiction).

The word actor is a gender neutral word that defines an occupation. I, personally, wouldn’t feminize any words that are gender neutral. The general rule is that commas should be used to separate two or more adjectives that independently modify a noun. In more technical terms, commas are used between two or more “coordinate” adjectives that modify the same noun–“co-ordinate” in that they equally/independently modify the noun. I think that whether or not the female -ess noun is used just depends on whether or not native speakers use that word frequently in the language.

It is, however, rare to hear people in the third category referred to as “aviators.” They meet the dictionary definition, and Wikipedia includes them, but in a separate list at the bottom of the page because they get in on a technicality. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I think the usage of these female nouns may be idiomatic. Idiomatic means that there is no firm grammar rule and you have to learn each one on a case-by-case basis.

Is there a general rule how to create feminine words?

The aviation industry directly borrowed the term from the maritime industry (and, originally on larger aircraft, did the same with term navigator). When it needs to be unambiguous, this sense is usually called an ‘aircraft pilot’, though it may be further qualified by the type of aircraft the pilot normally flies (for example ‘fighter pilot’, ‘cargo pilot’, or ‘bomber pilot’). The situation with long straight black hair is a little more complicated. It would not necessarily be incorrect to include one or two commas in this list of adjectives (as either “long, straight, black hair” or “long, straight black hair”), but in this particular situation, it is largely a matter of personal stylistic preference.

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Here’s my understanding of the suffix ess. I, personally, would assume the suffix ess fits well with titles given to a person of nobility. There are some exceptions that I’ve read. It probably comes down to what is pleasing to the listener.

This is because both “long”, “straight”, and “black” apply to the noun “hair” equally, regardless of order. While all of these people were pilots (and some still are), many are also noted for contributions in areas such as aircraft design and manufacturing, navigation or popularization. With or without the commas, it’s unambiguous and completely understandable. In such a simple, unambiguous sentence it’s almost more readable without the commas though.

So in terms of the word order alone, long straight black is fine. I would leave out the redundant “got” and just say “I have long, straight, black hair.” However, the use of the word “got” implies a more colloquial rendition, so I would not be totally against the non-comma version. Aviator is now a more old fashioned term for pilot.

As with most things in English, no, there isn’t a general rule. Some words in -er have feminine counterparts in -ress.1 And most words that end with -man can be feminized by changing it to -woman. But for any given word, the only way to tell whether such a feminized version exists is to look it up in the dictionary. In other words, you can’t really go about creating feminine equivalents of random occupational words; you can merely use feminine equivalents, if they exist. “Long, straight, black hair” would be correct in this instance due to the way a series of consecutive adjectives must be punctuated; a good way to determine this is if you would consider “long straight” one descriptor, or if you would say “long AND straight”.

There are a huge number of alternative noun phrases for this sense, based on what terminology is used for the spacecraft in question (for example ‘shuttle pilot’). “The pilot” is the person in direct chrage of flying the aircraft. “A pilot” is a person qualified to assume such a role, or a person who frequently does so. The word “pilot” can also refer to a person who directs a ship or boat, or figuratively who directs anything. An “aviator” is a member of the crew of an aircraft. I agree that “aviator” is a bit more old-fashioned.

• There are some exceptions that I’ve read.
• The word “pilot” can also refer to a person who directs a ship or boat, or figuratively who directs anything.
• The aviation industry directly borrowed the term from the maritime industry (and, originally on larger aircraft, did the same with term navigator).
• Also, it coincides with normal conversational rhythm.
• Idiomatic means that there is no firm grammar rule and you have to learn each one on a case-by-case basis.

If it would require an “and” to clarify the meaning, then a comma is needed. Words with distinctly feminine forms are usually old. Words that signify an occupation that formerly was exclusively male, or didn’t exist in earlier times, seldom have feminine forms, and indeed, the use of feminine forms (even if they do exist) is dying out. In the past, the term ‘aviator’ could be applied to the pilot, the navigator, or the flight engineer.

• 3 Ottobre 2025
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